Lysosome

The lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle filled with acidic hydrolases that degrade proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates delivered via endocytosis, phagocytosis, or autophagy. Beyond digestion, it acts as a metabolic and signaling hub that senses nutrients through the mTORC1 pathway. Lysosomal dysfunction underlies storage diseases and contributes to aging by impairing autophagy, clearance of lipofuscin, and overall cellular waste management.